Case Study- 4-year-old African American male living in a rural community
Communication and Interview techniques
The strategies employed for communication and interviews with a 4-year-old African American male residing in a rural community mirror those used for a 4-year-old white American in the same setting. However, it’s crucial to acknowledge the existing health disparities between young Black and white children, recognizing the impact of race on healthcare and genetics. Crafting communication approaches involves considering the patient’s age, gender, ethnicity, and environment, emphasizing cultural sensitivity (Ball et al., 2019). Given the child’s age, direct questions are directed toward the parents or guardians.
Creating a secure and comfortable environment is paramount, ensuring the child and family feel at ease during interactions (Ball et al., 2019). Targeted questions, centered around social determinants of health, delve into living conditions, healthcare access, food availability, income status, educational needs, and social supports. These questions aim to address socio-economic factors and provide valuable insights for tailored assistance. For instance, inquiries about housing conditions are essential, considering the potential risk of lead-based paint, with federal regulations requiring disclosure before renting pre-1978 housing (EPA, n.d.).
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Utilizing risk assessment instruments such as the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), the Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI) Health Risk Screening Tool, and the American Academy of Pediatrics’ (AAP) Pediatric Preventive Health Care Guidelines enhances the evaluation process (Ball et al., 2019). Health-related risks for a 4-year-old Black male encompass age, gender, race, and environmental factors, including increased risks of lead poisoning, obesity, limited healthcare access, and food insecurity.
The Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI) Health Risk Screening is a suitable risk assessment tool for a 4-year-old African American male in a rural area, focusing on nutrition, exercise, mental health, and injury prevention (Sullivan, 2019). Targeted questions to assess health risks and build a health history encompass inquiries about recent physical and bloodwork, family meal practices, family medical history, exercise routines, and housing conditions (Ball et al., 2019). This comprehensive approach aims to capture a holistic view of the child’s health and well-being, facilitating informed and personalized care.
Communication and Interview techniques
The communication and interview techniques I would use for a 4-year-old African American male living in a rural community would be no different from questioning a 4-year-old white American living in a rural community. The difference, however, lies in the health disparities between a young black child and a young white child. While race should not be an underlier, it, unfortunately, is when it comes to healthcare and genetics. When creating communication and interview approaches, it is necessary to identify the patient’s age, gender, ethnicity, and surroundings. In this case, the patient is a 4-year-old Black American male living in a rural town. It would be obvious that any 4 year old child cannot answer questions the same way a child’s parents can so you would be asking communicating and interviewing the parent and/or guardian of the child. It is imperative to speak in a manner that is age appropriate and ensure that cultural sensitivity is held with high regard Case Study- 4-year-old African American male living in a rural community. Finally, it is important to make sure the patient feels at ease and that the surrounding area is secure (Ball et. al., 2019).
Targeted questions
Targeted questions should be based on the social determinants of health. For example, living environment, access to healthcare, access to food, income status, educational needs, and social supports in the home and at school. Targeted questions are meant to be invasive to the patients socio-economic status because that is how you can help them the most. For instance, I would ensure that any child 5 and under is not living in a home with the possibility of lead based paint. According to the EPA (n.d.), “Before renting pre-1978 housing, lessors must disclose the presence of known lead-based paint and/or lead-based paint hazards in the dwelling. Lessees must also receive a federally approved pamphlet on lead poisoning prevention Inquiries about the patient’s way of life, family history, and any present medical conditions are also appropriate (p.1).”
Risk assessment instruments
I would utilize the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), the Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI) Health Risk Screening Tool, and the American Academy of Pediatrics’ (AAP) Pediatric Preventive Health Care Guidelines (Ball et. al, 2019) Case Study- 4-year-old African American male living in a rural community.
Health-related risks
Health related concerns for a 4 year old black male would be based upon age, gender, race and environmental concerns. Black Americans are at an increased risk of lead poisoning, obesity, lack of access to healthcare, and food insecurity.
Selected Risk Assessment
For a 4-year-old African American male living in a rural area, the Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI) Health Risk Screening is appropriate This instrument evaluates health risks related to nutrition, exercise, mental health, and injury prevention (Sullivan, 2019).
Targeted questions to assess his or her health risks and begin building a health history
- When was your most recent physical and bloodwork?
- How often do you eat family meals together?
- Has anyone in your immediate family been diagnosed with High cholesterol, diabetes or heart disease?
- Do you exercise?
- What type of home do you live in? Do you own or rent?
- Case Study- 4-year-old African American male living in a rural community
References
Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Diamond-Fox, S. (2021). Undertaking consultations and clinical assessments at advanced levelLinks to an external site.. British Journal of Nursing, 30(4), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2021.30.4.238Links to an external site.
Links to an external site.Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). EPA. Retrieved March 3, 2023, from https://www.epa.gov/lead
Sullivan, D. D. (2019). Guide to clinical documentation (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis.
RESPONSE
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Hi XX
I appreciate your thoughtful response to my post. Exploring techniques for interviewing young children indeed reveals the necessity of adapting strategies from those employed with adults. Understanding the context beforehand emerges as a crucial element, ensuring a tailored and sensitive approach to the child’s unique situation. Open-ended questions prove to be a valuable technique in eliciting genuine and accurate responses from children, as they tend to express themselves more freely when provided with the opportunity to share openly.
Moreover, incorporating props during interviews is suggested as an effective way to engage young children and facilitate their communication. This approach recognizes the developmental stage of children and aims to create a comfortable and interactive environment for them to express themselves. Avoiding leading questions is emphasized to prevent children from responding based on perceived expectations, promoting authenticity in their answers.
Your curiosity about the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) is commendable. While the system primarily focuses on adolescents, addressing concerns such as unhealthy dietary behaviors and insufficient physical activity, its applicability to a four-year-old may be limited. It underscores the importance of exploring age-appropriate tools like the Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI) Health Risk Screening Tool, which is designed to assess health risks in younger age groups, providing a more suitable framework for a comprehensive evaluation of a 4-year-old’s well-being.
In essence, your engagement with the material and your insights into interviewing techniques for young children contribute to a nuanced understanding of the challenges and considerations involved in obtaining valuable information from this age group. It highlights the importance of employing age-appropriate methods to ensure accurate and meaningful insights into the health and well-being of young children.
ReferencesCenter for Children’s Advocacy. (n.d.). Child development & interviewing children – center for children’s advocacy. Interviewing Children & Child Development. Retrieved March 3, 2023, from https://cca-ct.org/interviewing%20child%20client.pdfLinks to an external site.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, August 20). YRBSS Overview. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved March 3, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/overview.htm
Case Study- 4-year-old African American male living in a rural community
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